By Gafar, AF; Ashiru, SK; Aribilola, TR; Odoh, EO; Adamu, I; Gbenle, A; Ogunleye, F; Benson, AG; Olaoluwa, IA.; Isa, I.; Afiz, R; Ehisienmhen, NO (2023). Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 11(1): 7-15.
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ISSN: 2354-2276
Vol. 11(1), pp. 7-15, 2023
Copyright ©2023, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
https://gjournals.org/GJEMPS
1Advanced Space Technology Application Laboratory (ASTAL); National Space Research and Development Agency, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Type: Research
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Efficient solid waste management is a vital aspect of maintaining a clean and healthy urban environment. In the bustling Bodija market of Ibadan, thirteen existing solid waste disposal skip bins were identified. This study aimed to optimize the placement of these skip bins by conducting buffering analysis and adhering to the Ibadan Local Government Town Planner’s Regulations, which require a standard distance of 100 meters between skip bins. The study considered key factors such as buildings and roads in the buffer analysis. The accessibility of skip bins to all users, including vendors, shoppers, and waste management personnel, was given utmost importance. Adequate space was ensured around each skip bin to facilitate easy manoeuvring of waste vehicles during emptying operations. Road access to skip bins was identified as a crucial factor for efficient waste collection, and the placement local were chosen to be easily accessible by waste collection vehicles. After performing the buffering analysis, six skip bins were observed to be clustered within the buffer zone, whereas seven skip bins conformed to the standard distance requirement. The optimized placement of skip bins in Bodija market ensures effective waste management practices, minimizing waste overflow and facilitating timely collection. The result is a more sustainable and hygienic market environment, contributing to the overall well-being and cleanliness of the area. By considering the spatial arrangement of existing skip bins and analyzing the spatial relationship between these bins and relevant infrastructure, this study provides valuable insights for local authorities and waste management agencies to enhance their solid waste management strategies in Bodija market. The methodology employed here can serve as a valuable guide for similar waste management endeavors in other urban settings, fostering more sustainable waste disposal practices and promoting a healthy living environment for communities at large.
Published: 07/11/2023
Ehisienmhen, Nicholas O.
E-mail: unclenick2020@ yahoo.com, fridaygafar@ gmail.com, `
INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management is a critical aspect of urban development, ensuring the health and well-being of communities. With the rapid growth of urban centers, challenges in solid waste disposal have become increasingly prevalent. Bodija Market, located in Ibadan, Nigeria, is a bustling commercial hub known for its vibrant trade activities and diverse range of goods and services. However, the exponential growth and urbanization in the area have posed significant challenges in managing the solid waste generated within the market. However, a disposal site must consider all the socio-economic, environmental and land use factors within the city as well as people safety of the people. Geographical Information System (GIS) can be used to identify and select the suitable sites for urban waste disposal.
The process of solid waste disposal management mainly consists of collection, processing, recycling and disposing. At present, waste disposal in most cities is done in simple form of landfill disposal (Akbari et al., 2008). However, finding a good waste disposal area is difficult since land is a scarce resource. An increasing environmental awareness, increasing cost, community and political opposition and public health concerns have made choosing suitable land for landfills quite difficult (Din et al., 2008). In spite of the increasing stress towards waste reduction at the source, as well as recovery and recycling of the solid waste, disposal of solid waste by landfilling remains the most commonly employed method. This is because the residual matter even after the recovery process has to be disposed of by landfilling. Hence, landfilling is an aspect of the waste management system that cannot be overlooked (Sener et al., 2006).
In view of this, the selection of suitable locations for landfill has always been the greatest challenge due to its multi-objective nature that is very tasking. Hence, this has resulted to disposal of refuse on unsuitable areas such as borrow pits and vacant plots of land both inside and outskirts of cities and state capitals such as Ibadan metropolis in Oyo State, Nigeria. Many methods exist for site selection but acceptable and suitable landfill site identification is very much challenging and are lacking in towns and cities in the country. In order to alleviate these problems, integrating GIS and remote sensing techniques to select the best possible solid wastes dumping is an essential requirement. The selection of solid waste disposal sites using GIS and remote sensing requires many factors that should be integrated into one system for proper analysis. The selection criteria should consider and combine surface water, soil type, slopes, settlements, groundwater, protected areas, land use and road networks. However, because of the absence of data, geology and groundwater data were not included in the study.
Statement of the Problem
Studies are numerous on waste problems and management in Nigeria and elsewhere in developing countries. These studies cover cities of various sizes and different ecological, climatic, cultural, religious and economic regions in the country. Some of the studies emphasize solid waste problems and how they have defied different government policies at various time (Rosenbaum 1984, Uwadiegwu et al., 2013; Shuaibu, 2015). Other looked at solid waste as an unofficial measure of prosperity, since wealthy nations produce more wastes than poor ones (Omuta, 1988). Other studies argued that what causes waste problem is not volume produced but the degree of effectiveness of solid waste management. The uncharted volume of wastes that are visible along almost all the roads and streets of our urban centers, is an indication that the adopted strategies to cope with the inevitable by products of development are ineffective (Uwadiegwu et al, 2013). Other study centered mainly on classification of urban solid waste (Ekwueme and Achikanu, 2000), while some studies examined the environmental impacts and consequences of solid waste generation and recycling of mixed waste plastic products
Remote sensing can provide information about the various spatial criteria such as land use/land cover, drainage density, slope, among others (Emun, 2010), whereas GIS aid utilizing and creating the digital geodatabase as a spatial clustering process and provides easily way for solid waste dumping site selection process. In multi criteria evaluation many data layers can be handled by GIS and remote sensing in order to arrive at the suitable site, hence this study.
Aim and Objectives
The aim of his study is to assess solid waste disposal with the view to improve on waste management at Bodija market, Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State.
Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are to:
identify the existing skip bins and other points of solid waste disposal at Bodija market
examine the spatial distribution of the existing solid waste facilities in the study area
determine other suitable areas for additional skip bins for solid waste collection
Study Area
Bodija Market is located in the city of Ibadan, which is the capital of Oyo State in southwestern Nigeria. Ibadan is the third-largest city in Nigeria and is known for its vibrant culture, historical sites, and bustling markets. It lies between latitude 7.43510 N and longitude 3.91430 E. Bodija Market is one of the most popular markets in Nigeria, representing the most popular food and agro product market in South Western Nigeria.
Figure 1: Map of the study area
The materials used for processing data included both hardware and software packages. The hardware packages included: Global Positioning System (GPS), Computer System, Scanner, Digital Camera and Printer. The software packages included, ARCGIS Version 10.4, Microsoft word 2016, Nigeria Map and Microsoft Excel 2016.
The data used for this research were both primary and secondary. The primary data included coordinates of the existing skip bin obtained using GPS and a field observation obtained using an oral interview. The secondary data included, Google Earth satellite high resolution image, Ibadan North Local Government shapefile, sourced from Cooperative Information Network (COPINE) Ile-Ife.
Data Preparation
The file containing the spatial data of skip bins, identified acquired using GPS were inputted in Microsoft Excel and exported to ArcGIS 10.4.
An oral interview was used to get first-hand information about the solid waste disposal practices in the study area. The oral interview was focused on the type of solid waste disposal system existence of other waste disposal system, and identification of suitable location for siting skip bins respectively. Random sampling was used to select respondents to the questionnaires. The position and data obtained were prepared in a table format in Microsoft Excel and exported to ArcGIS 10.4 software package. The point data of the skip bins was overlaid on the shapefile of the study area to show their actual position in the study area.
The method of the data preparation and analysis were summarized on methodological flow work flow (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Research Methodological Workflow
This chapter shows results, its interpretations and discussion of findings of the specific objectives of the study.
Thirteen (13) Existing Solid Waste Disposal Skip Bins:
There are currently thirteen solid waste disposal skip bins in Bodija Market. These skip bins are containers designed to hold and store different types of solid waste temporarily before they are collected and properly disposed of contains a list of coordinates for each of the thirteen skip bins. Figure 1 is a visual representation that displays the exact positions of the thirteen identified skip bins within Bodija Market.
The map serves as a valuable tool for waste management authorities, local government agencies, and others involved in waste collection and disposal. It allows them to see the spatial distribution of skip bins, which in turn aids in effective waste management planning and resource allocation.
Table 1: List of Coordinate T
Figure 3: Identification of Existing Skip Bins
Plate 1: Picture of Skip Bin
The study assesses the spatial arrangement and distribution of skip bins within the study area, which is presumably within the jurisdiction of Ibadan Local Government. The observation that six skip bins are clustered suggests that there is a localized concentration of waste disposal points. This clustering could be due to various factors, such as historical placement, convenience, or inadequate planning.
The use of a buffer analysis map is a valuable tool to visualize this clustering phenomenon. It involves drawing a buffer zone (in this case, 100 meters) around each skip bin on a map. This enables planners and authorities to quickly identify areas where the skip bins are too closely located to one another.
The reference to Ibadan Local Government Town Planner’s Regulations indicates that there are guidelines in place to ensure orderly urban development, including waste management infrastructure. The standard of 100 meters between skip bins is a specific requirement to avoid waste disposal points becoming overly concentrated in a small area. This standard helps in efficient waste collection, minimizes potential congestion, and maintains the aesthetic quality of the environment.
The observation that seven skip bins conform to this standard means that they are appropriately spaced, adhering to the recommended distance. However, it also implies that the remaining six skip bins are clustered in a way that doesn’t align with the recommended spacing, potentially requiring some repositioning or redistribution to optimize waste disposal coverage and comply with the regulations.
In summary, the statement underscores the importance of adhering to urban planning regulations for waste management infrastructure. It highlights the observation of skip bin clustering, the use of buffer analysis for visualization, and the fact that seven skip bins meet the spacing standard while six do not. This information serves as a basis for making informed decisions to improve waste management in the area while maintaining compliance with local regulations.
Figure 4: Spatial Distribution of Existing Skip Bins in the Study Area
Figure 5: Area Needed to Provided Skip Bins
Buildings as Factors: Skip bins need to be conveniently accessible to all users, including vendors, shoppers, and waste management personnel. This accessibility ensures that waste disposal is convenient and encourages proper waste disposal practices. To achieve this, skip bins should be placed strategically near high foot-traffic areas, like entrances/exits of the market or areas with significant commercial activity.
Moreover, adequate space around the skip bins is crucial for maneuvering waste collection vehicles during emptying operations. The space ensures that waste trucks can easily approach and position themselves for efficient collection without causing disruptions or congestion.
Road Access as a Critical Factor: The presence of suitable road access is a crucial factor for efficient waste management. Waste collection vehicles need to access the skip bins easily and safely for effective waste pickup. The statement emphasizes that skip bins should be located in areas that are easily reachable by waste collection vehicles.
Placing skip bins near roadways or designated loading zones ensures that waste management trucks can approach and maneuver around the bins with ease. This reduces the time and effort required for waste collection and minimizes disruptions to traffic flow or commercial activities within the market.
Proximity to Roadways and Loading Zones: The proximity of skip bins to roadways and loading zones is essential to streamline waste collection operations. Waste management trucks need to be able to access the bins without encountering obstacles or hindrances. Placing the skip bins near roadways or loading zones facilitates quick and safe waste collection without causing disruptions to the overall market environment.
Benefits of Strategic Placement: Properly placing skip bins in strategic locations based on building and road factors offers several benefits:
Urban Planning Considerations: The factors of building placement and road access align with principles of urban planning. Urban planners aim to create functional, accessible, and sustainable spaces. Properly positioning skip bins with respect to these factors contributes to a well-designed waste management infrastructure that supports both environmental and community goals.
In summary, the statements highlight the significance of considering building placement and road access when determining suitable areas for additional skip bins. These factors ensure accessible and efficient waste collection, minimize disruptions, and contribute to a cleaner and more organized environment within the Bodija market or any similar area. The approach aligns with urban planning principles and aims to optimize waste management operations for the benefit of all stakeholders.
Figure 6: Suitability Map for New Skip Bins
In conclusion, the concentration of skip bins and inadequate distribution in the study area has posed challenges to efficient waste management. By strategically distributing the skip bins at 100-meter intervals and implementing a sustainable skip bin packing schedule, the study area can significantly improve waste management practices, reduce environmental pollution, and foster a cleaner and healthier living environment for its residents. This proactive approach to waste management will contribute to the overall sustainability of the study area and set an example for other regions to follow.
The research highlights the inadequate distribution of skip bins in the study area, leading to inefficient waste management. To address this, the proposal suggests spacing each skip bin 100 meters apart with pedestrian access and implementing a systematic packing schedule. These measures aim to improve waste disposal efficiency, reduce pollution, and promote a cleaner and healthier environment. Collaboration with local authorities, waste management companies, and community involvement is essential for successful implementation and monitoring of the plan.
Based on the study findings, the following are recommended to the government in order to manage waste disposal adequately in the study area.
The first recommended action for the government is to enhance the existing policy on solid waste management in the study area. This improvement should involve a comprehensive review of the current policy to identify weaknesses and areas for enhancement. The revised policy should address key issues such as skip bin distribution, waste collection schedules, recycling initiatives, penalties for illegal dumping, and measures to promote community involvement in waste management. By updating the policy, the government can establish a clear framework for waste disposal, ensuring better coordination and efficiency in waste management efforts.
Sensitization on the Importance of a Cleaner Environment:
Public awareness plays a crucial role in promoting responsible waste disposal practices. The government should initiate extensive sensitization campaigns to educate the residents about the significance of maintaining a cleaner environment. These campaigns can utilize various communication channels, including radio, television, social media, community gatherings, and educational institutions. The aim is to instill a sense of environmental responsibility and encourage active participation in waste reduction and recycling initiatives.
Creation of Additional Skip Bins:
To tackle the problem of waste accumulation around buildings and roads, the government should invest in creating additional skip bins strategically placed in areas of high waste generation. These newly placed skip bins should complement the existing ones, providing more accessible waste disposal options for residents. By reducing the distance to the nearest skip bin, the likelihood of indiscriminate waste dumping will decrease, contributing to a cleaner and safer environment.
Encouraging Individual Responsibility for Waste Disposal:
The government should emphasize individual responsibility for waste disposal among residents. This can be achieved through public campaigns and educational programs that highlight the adverse effects of indiscriminate waste disposal and the importance of personal accountability. Implementing penalties for those caught dumping waste improperly will further incentivize responsible waste disposal practices.
Regulating Waste Disposal Agents:
Local waste disposal agents, particularly those in markets and commercial areas, should be closely monitored and regulated by the government. They should be prohibited from dumping waste anywhere they please and strictly instructed to use designated waste disposal sites or skip bins. To enforce compliance, fines should be imposed on agents found violating these regulations, encouraging them to follow proper waste disposal protocols.
By implementing these recommended strategies, the government can significantly improve waste disposal management in the study area. Enhancing the existing policy, raising public awareness, increasing skip bin availability, promoting individual responsibility, and regulating waste disposal agents are all crucial steps in achieving a cleaner and more sustainable environment. The success of these measures relies on collaborative efforts among the government, residents, and waste management agencies to ensure a cleaner, healthier, and more environmentally conscious community.
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Cite this Article: Gafar, AF; Ashiru, SK; Aribilola, TR; Odoh, EO; Adamu, I; Gbenle, A; Ogunleye, F; Benson, AG; Olaoluwa, IA.; Isa, I.; Afiz, R; Ehisienmhen, NO (2023). Solid Waste Disposal in Bodija Market Ibadan, Oyo State. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 11(1): 7-15.
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