by Onu, B (2024). Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 12(1): 1-9.
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Greener Journal of Environment Management and Public Safety
ISSN: 2354-2276
Vol. 12(1), pp. 1-9, 2024
Copyright ©2024, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
https://gjournals.org/GJEMPS
Federal University Otuoke, Faculty of Science, Biology Department.
Type: Research
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This research analyses heavy metals presence in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Micropogonias undulatus and Mugil Cephalus fish species found in Brass River. This study focuses on the concentrations of major heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As) in the three fishes named above. The fish samples were collected from fishermen from the Brass River during the months of September and October 2023. The heavy metal concentration in the fish samples were analysed through the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in order to estimate the presence of heavy metals pollution in fish species of the river. The result show that the concentration of Pb (0.204 µg/ml), Cd (0.022 µg/ml) and Cr (0.004 µg/ml) were the highest in the Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus with a high relative standard deviation. While Hg and As have negative values. In Micropogonias undulatus, the concentration of Pb (0.241µg/ml), Cd (0.020µg/ml) and Cr (0.018µg/ml) were the highest with a relative standard deviation of 8.28%, 19.94% and 15.55% respectively. Hg and As have negative values. While in Mugil cephalus, the concentration of Pb (0.337µg/ml) and Cr (0.007µg/ml) were the highest with a relative standard deviation of 9.53% and 3.56% respectively. Cd, Hg and As have negative values. The level of these heavy metals in fishes of the river were found below the permissible limit. Thus, the study revealed that the heavy metals concentration in fish in Brass River is low. However, the heavy metals analysed in this research are known to be very toxic even at low concentrations. Hence, adequate attention should be given to ensure that there is no further pollution of heavy metals in the river in order to avoid future deleterious health effects to humans.
Accepted: 22/03/2024
Published: 05/04/2024
Dr. Benefit Onu
E-mail: benefitonu28@ gmail.com
Environmental pollution through heavy metals has become a universal problem in aquatic network due to their toxicity, accumulation and bio-magnification (Afshan et al., 2014). Trace metals in contrast to most pollutants, are not bio degradable, and they undergo a global ecological cycle in which natural water are the main pathways. Heavy metals can be concentrated along the food chain, producing their toxic effect at points far from the source of pollution (Tilzer and Khondker, 1993). The pollution of aquatic network is a growing threat to the environment due to agricultural, domestic and industrial contaminants. Metals make up an important fraction of environmentally hazardous substances. Nigerian rivers, streams and ponds have received high levels of heavy metals as a result of the development of industries and anthropogenic activities around these water bodies (Ahmed et al., 2003; MacFarlane and Burchette 2000; Amisah et al., 2009).
Heavy metal is any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations (Ngumbu et al., 2017). Some metals, including chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) are known to be very toxic even at low concentrations (Nguyen et al., 2005), Others, such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) are known to be essential elements which play important roles in biological metabolism at very low concentrations (Ajmal et al., 1988; Subotić et al., 2013). However, an excess or dearth of any of these metals can disrupt biochemical functions in both humans and animals, at higher concentrations they can lead to poisoning (Lenntech, 2014). The metal which has a relatively high density and toxic at low quantity is referred as heavy metal, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), thallium (TI), etc. fall in this group
Some trace elements are also known as heavy metals, e.g., copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). They are essential to maintaining the body metabolism, but they are toxic at higher concentrations. These heavy metals can get to our bodies through food, drinking water and air (Lenntech, 2014).
These metals are discharged into the environment through several anthropogenic sources such as the burning of fossil fuels, transportation, industrial effluent discharge and indiscriminate waste dumping and are often washed into receiving bodies such as sediment, soil and water bodies by rain run-off therefore, the aquatic ecosystem receives the bulk of contaminants from anthropogenic sources (Eletta et al., 2003). These metals are of particular concern due to their toxic effect at certain levels of exposure and ability in bio-accumulate in an ecosystem, body tissues and organs (Babalola, 2010; Eletta et al., 2003).
The occurrence of toxic metals in pond, stream and river water affects the lives of humans and animals that depend upon these water sources for their daily life (Khan. 2000). The consumption of aquatic resources containing toxic metals may cause serious health hazards through food chain magnification (Khan. 2000; Akan et al., 2012). Heavy metal intake by fish in polluted aquatic environments vary and depend on ecological requirements, metabolism and other factors such as salinity, water pollution level, food and sediment (Adeniyi, 2007; Ajeagah et al., 2013; Milenković et al., 2005; Vuković et al., 2014).
The results of many researches show bioaccumulation of metal pollutants from the water in various tissues of aquatic organisms (Has-Schön et al., 2006; Monroy et al., 2014; Zhuang et al., 2013). Various species of fish can be bioindicators of contamination with heavy metals and others pollutants (Dural et al., 2007; Huang, 2003, USEPA. 2009: Molina, 2011; FAO, 2012). Feeding habits have a great influence on pollutants accumulation, especially regarding heavy metals in different fish species (Amundsen et al., 1997; Merciai et al., 2014; Abubakar et al., 2015). Many studies have been done on the levels of heavy metals in fish samples in Africa, Nigeria and elsewhere (Voegborlo and Akagi, 2007; Voegborlo and adimado, 2010 and Kwaansa-Ansah, 2012).
In Brass Local Government Area (LGA), limited research on heavy metals in fish have been reported. Although, Brass local Government Area is not a heavily industrialize area, but with the presence of the crude oil exploration companies, it has its share of pollutants within her environment. Anthropogenic activities such as crude oil spillage and other chemical waste, domestic wastewater and petrol from fishing and transport boats have increased over the years, and have led to very serious environmental pollution within and along the Brass River.
Study area
Brass is a Local Government Area in Bayelsa State, southern Nigeria. Its headquarter is in the town of Twon-Brass on Brass Island along the coast, it has a coastline of approximately 90 km on the Bight of Bonny. It has an area of 1,404 km2 and a population of 185,049 at the 2006 census. It is a traditional town of the Ijo people, it became a slave-trading port in the early 19th century. It was ruled by African merchant “houses,” which were encouraged by the European traders (Gertzel, 1962).
Brass has enormous deposits of crude oil and natural gas and because of the rich natural resources has the presence of several national and international oil mining companies. The activities of these oil mining companies have contributed to the most of the economic development of the Brass area. In Brass people another economic activity that sustain livelihood in the area is Fishing and the making of fishing nets, construction of canoes also is another key economic feature of the Brass people.
The study area is characterized by an equatorial climate, with a wet season (April to October) and a dry season (November to March), and with rather constant ambient temperatures (27-34°C) year-round.
Sample collection
The three fish samples were randomly collected through the assistance of fisherman using traps and set nets around the Brass River in Brass Local Government Area and were immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis. Before the analysis of the heavy metals’ concentration, the fishes were properly rinsed in distilled water to remove dirts and debris from the skin and gills
Digestion of Fish Samples
10g of each fish were weighed and dried in the hot air oven at 105oC. The samples were digested with a mixture of HNO3, HClO3 and H2SO4. These chemicals were mixed in a ratio of 10:4:1. The heavy metals Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Hg and As concentrations in the samples were evaluated using Varian Spectra A100 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) using prepared standard solution.
Silver Catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus
The silver catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède, 1803) is among the dominant African commercial fishes of high economic value and widely serves as food for human consumption in West Africa (Leveque, 1997, Adite and van Thielen, 1995). This catfish belongs to the genus Chrysichthys, family Claroteidae, Siluriformes order and Ostariophysi super order. Synonimies are Pimelodus nigrodigitaus, Arius acutivelus, Chrysichthys furcatus, Chrysichthys buettikoferi and Chrysichthys cameronensis (Leveque et al., 1992). In general, the species showed grew silvery colour with a white belly and a black adipose. Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus exhibited a pointed snout slightly longer than or equal to the width of the mouth and the pre-maxyllary tooth plate width made 20-30% of the head length (Leveque et al., 1992; Laleye et al., 1995). In the tropical estuary of Nigeria, Asuquo et al., (1999) the species as foraging on a variety of benthic food resources. The specie also habits in salt and fresh water areas in Nigeria.
Figure 1: Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, (Silver catfish) sample A
Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)
The croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae and is closely related to the black drum (Pogonias cromis), the silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), the spot croaker (Leiostomus xanthurus), the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), the spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and the weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). It is commonly found in estuaries from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico (Sperry and Thomas, 1999). The name croaker is descriptive of the noise the fish makes by vibrating strong muscles against its swim bladder, which acts as a resonating chamber much like a ball. The Atlantic croaker is the loudest of the drum family (Sperry and Thomas, 1999). When full-grown at 2 to 3 years old, croakers reach between 18 and 20 inches in length and 4 to 5 pounds, but on average are 1/2-2 pounds. The fish’s lifespan can reach up to 8 years (Froese and Pauly, 2017).
Figure 2: Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) sample B
Mullet (Mugil cephalus)
Adult mullets grow to a length of 9 to 19.5 inches (35 to 50 cm). Immature mullet are 3 to 8 inches (7.6 to 17.8 cm) long. Distinguishing characteristics include an irregularly round, silvery body, dark bluish green back and dark longitudinal stripes on the sides, and a small mouth. The mullet’s diet includes zooplankton, benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms and detritus (dead plants and animals), and small invertebrates (Arthur et al., 1997; FAO, 1995; Harrison and Senou, 1999). Larger fish, turtles, water snakes, and wading birds’ prey on mullet. They reach sexual maturity in three years. Mating season lasts from late October to December. Mature adults leave the bays, collect in large schools, and migrate offshore to mate. During spawning season, females scatter one to seven million round eggs on the bottom. Eggs are not guarded by adults. After an incubation period of 36 to 50 hours, depending on water temperature, the young mullet hatch. Of millions of eggs spawned in offshore waters, most are eaten by other species. Juveniles return to coastal locations to mature after they have reached 15 to 32 mm long. Their lifespan is seven years for males and eight years for females, with a probable average lifespan of five years (Oren, 1981; Badran, 1994; Plumb, 1999; Chen et al., 2002).
Figure 3: Mullet (Mugil cephalus) sample C
Statistical Analyses
Data were given as mean ± RSD for each of the measured variables. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 21.0. All the concentration values for five heavy metals in the tissues of fish species were normally distributed at the 95% confidence level. The data were presented in tabular and graphical form.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Sample A: Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Silver catfish)
Figure 4: Graph showing the concentration of heavy metals in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Silver catfish)
In figure 4, the result show that the concentration of Pb (0.204 µg/ml), Cd (0.022 µg/ml) and Cr (0.004 µg/ml) were the highest in the Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus with a high Relative Standard Deviation. While Hg and As have negative values.
Table 2: Sample B: Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)
-0.116
In figure 5, the result show that the concentration of Pb (0.241µg/ml), Cd (0.020µg/ml) and Cr (0.018µg/ml) were the highest in Micropogonias undulatus with a relative standard deviation of 8.28%, 19.94% and 15.55% respectively. Hg and As have negative values.
Figure 5: Graph showing the concentration of heavy metals in Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)
Table 3: Sample C: Mullet (Mugil cephalus)
0.007
Figure 6: Graph showing the concentration of heavy metals in Mullet (Mugil cephalus)
In figure 6, the result show that the concentration of Pb (0.337µg/ml) and Cr (0.007µg/ml) were the highest in the Mugil Cephalus with a relative standard deviation of 9.53% and 3.56% respectively. Cd, Hg and As have negative values.
The result show that the concentration of Pb (0.204 µg/ml), Cd (0.022 µg/ml) and Cr (0.004 µg/ml) were the highest in the Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus with a high Relative Standard Deviation. While Hg and As have negative values. In Micropogonias undulatus, the concentration of Pb (0.241µg/ml), Cd (0.020µg/ml) and Cr (0.018µg/ml) were the highest with a relative standard deviation of 8.28%, 19.94% and 15.55% respectively. Hg and As have negative values. In Mugil Cephalus, the concentration of Pb (0.337µg/ml) and Cr (0.007µg/ml) were the highest with a relative standard deviation of 9.53% and 3.56% respectively. Cd, Hg and As have negative values. The level of these heavy metals in fishes of the river were found below the permissible limit.
The heavy metals concentrations were variously distributed in the fish tissues. The Pb content in three fish muscle was the highest heavy metal observed in this study. However, the values were lower than the WHO required concentration in fish (Zrnčić et al., 2013). The three fish species, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Micropogonias undulatus and Mugil cephalus feed on plankton and algae and it can be one of the reasons for their higher lead bioaccumulation. The variation of accumulation of heavy metals in different fish species is attributed to several feeding habits. Significant concentrations of Cd are present in the three fish tissues, The accumulation of Cd in fish tissues is shown in several studies (Has-Schön et al., 2006; Jarić et al., 2011; Castro-Gonzalez et al., 2008). Mercury is one of the very toxic metals with a tendency to bind to the sulfide group of proteins and deposits in muscles (Castro-Gonzalez et al., 2008) in this study, Mercury concentration in the fish tissues were found to be negative. But these values of heavy metal contents are also below the maximum permitted concentrations of these pollutants according to the Commission of the European Communities (EC), hence the three fish can be acceptable for human consumption. However, the heavy metals analysed in this research are known to be very toxic even at low concentrations (Tešić et al., 2014). Considering all these results, it is necessary to monitor the presence of heavy metals as environmental pollutants in the future, thus ensuring a good ecological status of the Brass River, as well as providing healthy and safe fresh fish.
The research work reveals the presence of heavy metal concentrations level in the selected fish species collected from the Brass River. Overall, the heavy metal concentration level in the fish species were below the standard acceptable limits which may not pose threat on human health. However, the heavy metals analysed in this research are known to be very toxic even at low concentrations. The Brass River should be protected to save the aquatic biota of the river and more sustainable measures should be taken to ensure better fish quality and aquatic life of the Brass River. Adequate attention should be given to ensure that there is no any further pollution of heavy metals in the river in order to avoid future deleterious health issues to humans.
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Onu, B (2024). Analysis of Heavy Metals in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Micropogonias undulatus and Mugil cephalus Fish Species Caught in Brass River. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 12(1): 1-9.
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