Greener Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 11(2), pp. 181-186, 2021 ISSN: 2276-7797 Copyright ©2021, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s) https://gjournals.org/GJMS

Molecular Detection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in a Central Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

Enyinnaya S.O^1*, Iregbu K.C², Uwaezuoke N.S³, Abdullahi N³, Lawson S.D¹

¹Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, National Hospital, Abuja.

³ Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja.

INTRODUCTION

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was first reported in Germany in 1983 with subsequent increased global reporting over the decades¹. It was later reported in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli². ESBLs are a large, rapidly evolving group of plasmid-mediated enzymes that confer resistance to the oxyimino cephalosporins and monobactams but not to cephamycins or carbapenems, and are inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid³. They are the first example in which β-lactamase–mediated resistance to β-lactam antibiotics resulted from fundamental changes in the substrate spectra of the enzymes⁴.  ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is among the commonest Gram-negative bacilli implicated in community- and hospital-acquired infection^5–7, causing intra-abdominal infection, urinary tract infection, respiratory infection and sepsis⁸. Infections caused by ESBL producing Gram-negative bacteria, including K. pneumoniae are associated with severe adverse outcomes, including higher overall and infection-related mortality, increased length of hospital stay, discharge to chronic care, and higher costs⁹

Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is the most common mechanism of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among Enterobacteriaceae, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae usually express multidrug resistance and the spread of these multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a public health concern on a global scale, and particularly affects low- and middle-income countries¹⁰. These strains of bacteria also have the capacity to acquire resistance to other antimicrobial classes such as the quinolones, tetracyclines, cotrimoxazole, trimethoprim, and aminoglycosides, in addition to the penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam, and this further limits therapeutic options^11–13

It has been established that epidemiological data on multidrug-resistant organisms in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce ¹⁴. A recent systematic review revealed that the lack of data on the occurrence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, is greatest in West Africa¹⁵. This situation applies to Abuja, Nigeria where this study was carried out; previous study on ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae are scanty, thus leaving a huge knowledge gap which this study aims to bridge. Knowledge of the magnitude and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ESBL producing K.pneumoniae will go a long way in assisting clinicians optimise antimicrobial therapy with improved patient outcomes.

METHODS

Study Design and Area

This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, National Hospital Abuja, a 500-bed tertiary hospital located in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. It is a referral centre for the federal capital territory and neighbouring states of Nigeria, providing health care services to about 50,000 patients monthly. The study involved 400 K pneumoniae isolated from consecutively selected clinical specimens from blood, urine, wound biopsy/swab, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, aspirates, ear and eye swabs.

Isolation and Identification of K pneumoniae

All samples were first inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and CLED agar (for urine samples) plates and incubated at 35⁰C for 24 hours in ambient air. Lactose-fermenting, convex, entire edge, large, mucoid colonies that were gram-negative short bacilli , non-motile, indole negative, methyl red negative, voges prausker positive, citrate-positive, and urease-positive were identified as K. pneumoniae following established procedures^16,17 .

Antibiotic susceptibility testing

Antimicrobial susceptibility was done by the disc diffusion method using the modified Kirby-Bauer method.¹⁸ The susceptibility of all isolates was tested to the following antimicrobial agents: Ampicillin (10µg), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (20/10µg), Cefuroxime (30µg), Meropenem (10µg), Chloramphenicol(30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (5µg), Amikacin (30µg), Fosfomycin (200µg), Tigecycline (30µg), Nitrofurantoin (300µg) according to CLSI guideline.¹⁹ These antibiotics were selected according to previously published recommendations and their widespread use in treatment of various diseases.¹⁸ E-test (Liofilchem Diagnostics, Abruzzi, Italy) for confirming the ESBL phenotype was performed according to manufacturer’s guidelines. ESBL results were considered positive if the isolates had an MIC (µg/ml) of ≥1 for ceftazidime (CAZ), ≥0.5 for cefotaxime (CTX), and the ratio for ceftazidine/ceftazidine +clavulanic acid (CAZ-CLA) and cefotaxime/cefotaxime+clavulanic acid (CTX-CTL) was more than or equal to 8 .²⁰

Molecular Characterization

Multiplex PCR was performed in a single tube with primers of bla_TEM, bla_SHV, bla_OXA and 16S rRNA genes. PCR assay was performed in a total volume of 50 µl which contained; 25 pmol of the primers of 16S rRNA (Fd 5′-TGTGGGAACGGCGAGTCGGAATAC-3′ and Rev 5′-GGGCGCAGGGGATGAAACTCAAC-3′), 10 pmol primers of each of the bla_TEM, bla_SHV, and bla_OXA as described by Trung et al.²¹ 200 µM each of the dNTPs, 1U of Taq DNA polymerase, 1×PCR assay buffer with 1.5 mM MgCl₂ and 100 ng of template DNA. PCR conditions were used as described by Trung et al.²¹ PCR was run in a PTC-100 Thermal Cycler (MJ Research, Inc., USA). 5 µl of the amplified PCR product was used for electrophoresis and visualization was done with a UV transilluminator. Amplified productsof bla_TEM, bla_SHV, bla_OXA, and bla_CTX-M genes were purified by QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Positive and negative controls were used

Data Collection

Data of all the K. pneumoniae isolates from the various specimens, their antibiotic susceptibility testing, phenotypically confirmed ESBL strains as well as their responsible ESBL genes detected via molecular method were collected.

Data Analysis

All data collected was analysed using the software statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 by IBM SPSS Statistics. Percentage prevalence of ESBL and non- ESBL isolates, multidrug resistance among non ESBL and ESBL isolates and other results were presented using tables and charts. All analyses were done at a 95% confidence interval and a p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of National Hospital Abuja.

RESULTS

Findings showed that 114 (28.5%) out of the 400 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated were ESBL producers.

Table 1 shows the susceptibility pattern of all the four hundred isolates. Among the 114 ESBL producing isolates, 111 (97.4%) were sensitive to meropenem, 100 (87.7%) to fosfomycin, 98 (84.2%) to tigecycline, 101 (88.6%) to amikacin, and 58 (50.9%) to nitofurantoin. only 2 (1.8%) to ceftazidine. All the 114 ESBL producers were resistant to ceftriaxone while 107 (93.9%) and 105 (92.1%) were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate and ceftazidime respectively. Table 2 shows a significantly higher distribution of multidrug resistance among ESBL producing isolates compared to non-ESBL producing isolates (chi-square =63.29, p= 0.0001). Distribution of the bla genes among the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed that 78 (70.3%) had the blaSHV gene, 99 (89.2%) had the blaCTX-M gene, 88 (79.3%) had the blaTEM gene and 3 (2.6%) had no bla genes as shown in table 3.

Table 1: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of K. pneumoniae isolates

S: Sensitive, I: Intermediate, R: Resistant

Table 2: Distribution of Multidrug Resistant isolates among K. pneumoniae

*Distribution is statistically significant (p < 0.005).

Table 3: Distribution of bla genes among ESBL-Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolates

DISCUSSION

The study showed a 28.5% prevalence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae among the isolates, and compares well with the 30% ²² and 31.6% ²³ reported by Raji et al in Lagos, but differs widely from 60.8% ²⁴ reported by Aibinu et al in Lagos. The relatively lower prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae observed in the current study could be attributed to the variation in antibiotic use, sensitivity and specificity of test methods compared to the other study sites of the aforementioned studies.The high rate of multidrug resistance among both ESBL and Non-ESBL producing K.pneumoniae found in this study has similarly been reported from studies done in Kano²⁵ and Ibadan²⁶. This could be due to previous exposure to antibiotics resulting from self medication that is widely prevalent in this part of the world due to easy access and purchase of antibiotics across the counter for use without prescription. This has led to major challenge in the therapeutic management of serious life threatening infections due to these strains with poor outcome.^26,27 It is particularly noteworthy that about 81% of all blood isolates were ESBL-producers, technically eliminating the third generation cephalosporins as empiric treatment for blood stream infections.

Notwithstanding the observed high rate of multidrug resistance, all the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates had relatively high rate of susceptibility to meropenem, amikacin, fosfomycin, and tigecycline, serving as safety valves and giving some hope of rescue when the third generation cephalosporins fail. When considered against the background of high ESBL prevalence, meropenem obviously stands out as the drug of first choice for empiric treatment in serious life-threatening infections. Amikacin would appear to be an alternative empiric therapy drug based on susceptibility and cost, but its choice may be limited by its side effect especially in neonates .²⁸ The use of tigecycline, an antibiotic recently introduced into the hospital and used mainly in the burns unit for non-pseudomonal infections, when indicated, is limited to skin and soft tissue infections²⁹.

In this study, the predominant gene was bla_CTX-M and it exists alone or in association with other genes, TEM and SHV, but predominantly with TEM genes. This very high prevalence of bla_CTX-M type ESBL genes among K.pneumoniae isolates supports the worldwide pandemic spread of the CTX-M β-lactamase enzyme as reported in America³⁰,Europe³¹, Middle east ³²,Asia ³³ and Africa³⁴. Studies in Nigeria by Iroha et al ³⁵ , Raji et al ²³ and Aibinu et al³⁶ also lend credence to the high prevalence of bla_CTX-M type. ESBL mediated by bla_CTX-M type β-lactamase genes are undoubtedly the most widespread enzymes produced among K. pneumoniae.

The large proportion of the ESBL producers that harboured multi-genes in this study is worrisome and may partly explain the observed high level of drug resistance, even in the presence of β-lactamase inhibitors. It is likely these isolates hyper produce β–lactamase enzymes which overwhelm the β–lactamase inhibitors ³⁷. The carriage of these genes on plasmids enhances the spread and therefore requires good infection control measures to limit dissemination.

CONCLUSION

ESBL producing K. pneumoniae strains are relatively high among K. pneumoniae isolates. The isolates were significantly associated with multi-drug resistance. Interestingly, both the ESBL and non-ESBL strains were highly sensitive to meropenem amikacin, fosomycin, and tigecycline. The predominant ESBL gene among K. pneumoniae isolates was bla_CTX-M , and a significant proportion of the ESBL isolates harboured 2 or 3 ESBL genes together. This study highlights the need for efficient infection control and antibiotics stewardship practices to mitigate the rising cases of antimicrobial resistance. The remarkable difference in sensitivities between ESBL-producing and non-ESBL-producing isolates makes it imperative to test for ESBL-production routinely

REFERENCES

1. Keynan Y, Rubinstein E. The changing face of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in the community. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2007;30(5):385-389. dol: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag. 2007.06.019
2. Kiratisin P, Apisarnthanarak A, Laesripa C, Saifon P. Molecular characterization and epidemiology of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing health care-associated infection in Thailand, where the CTX-M family is endemic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(8):2818-24. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00171-08.
3. Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated Functional Classification of β-Lactamases . Antimicrob Agents Chemother . American Society for Microbiology (ASM); 2010;54(3):969–76. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01009-09
4. Philippon A, Labia R, Jacoby G. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Aug; 33(8):1131-6
5. Agrawal P, Ghosh AN, Kumar S, Basu B, Kapila K. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Pathol Microbiol [Internet]. 2008;51(1):139–42. doi: 10.4103/0377-4929.40428
6. Pitout JDD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis . Elsevier; 2008;8(3):159–66.doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0
7. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73(4):345–54.doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.02.021
8. Rogers B.A., Sidjabat H.E., Paterson D.L. Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: A pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011;66:1–14. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkq415
9. Ndir, A., Diop, A., Ka, R. et al. Infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae: clinical and economic impact in patients hospitalized in 2 teaching hospitals in Dakar, Senegal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 5, 13 (2016). doi:10.1186/s13756-016-0114-7
10. Elihani D, Bakir L, Aouni M, Passet V, Arlet G, Brisse S, Weill FX:Molecular epidemiology of extended–spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a university hospital in Tunis, Tunisia, 1999–2005. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010, 16 (2): 157-164. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03057.x.
11. Shashwati N, Kiran T, Dhanvijay AG. Study of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic coresistance in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014;5(1):30-35. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.127280
12. Biswas T, Das M, Mondal R, Raj HJ, Mondal S. Prevalence of ESBL producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella species with their co-resistance pattern to antimicrobials. Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ. 2013 ;22(2):377-384. PMID: 23715365
13. Rudresh SM, Nagarathnamma T. Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae & antibiotic co-resistance. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133(1):116-118.
14. Storberg V. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Africa – a non-systematic literature review of research published 2008-2012. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2014;4(1). doi:10.3402/iee.v4.20342
15. Workneh M, Katz MJ, Lamorde M, Cosgrove SE, Manabe YC. Antimicrobial Resistance of Sterile Site Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx209
16. Abbot SL. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and other Enterobacteriaceae. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology 8^th edition. Vol. I. ASM Press, Washington DC, USA; 2003: 685-700
17. Winn W Jr, Allen S, Janda W, Koneman E, Procop G, Schreckenberger P et al. Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 6^th edition, 2006:211-302
18. Washington W.J, Stephen A, William J, Elmer K, Gary P PSG. Disc Diffusion Susceptibility Testing. In: Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiolog6th Ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Willam and Wilkins. 2006. p. 983–9.
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Sixteenth Informational Supplement M100, 30thed. (2020) Wayne, Pa, USA: CLSI. 2020. p. 32-41,104-106.
20. Diagnostics L. MIC Test strip Technical sheet ESBL- MTS26 – Rev.2.1 / 07.11.2014
21. Trung NT, Hien TTT, Huyen TTT, et al. Simple multiplex PCR assays to detect common pathogens and associated genes encoding for acquired extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) or carbapenemases from surgical site specimens in Vietnam. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2015;14(1). doi:10.1186/s12941-015-0079-z
22. Mohammed Y, Gadzama GB, Zailani SB, Aboderin AO. Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species from North Eastern Nigeria. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(2):DC07-DC10. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16330.7254
23. Raji MA, Jamal W, Ojemeh O, Rotimi VO. Sequence analysis of genes mediating extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in a Lagos Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(259):doi:10.1186/s12879–015 – 1005 – x.
24. Ibukun Aibinu, Tolu Odugbemi BJM. Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamases in isolates of Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli from Lagos, Nigeria. Nig J Heal Biomed Sci. 2003;2(2):53–60.
25. Emmanuel O.N,Nasiru S.M, Jamila T. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) producers and other bacterial pathogens in Kano, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;14(7) 1273–8. Available from: http://www.tjpr.org/admin/12389900798187/2015_14_7_21.
26. Makanjuola O.B, Fayemiwo S.A, Okesola A.O, Gbaja A, Ogunleye V.A,Kehinde A.O, Bakare R.A. Pattern of multidrug resistant bacteria associated with intensive care unit infections in Ibadan Nigeria. Annals of Ibadan postgraduate Medicine.2018;16(2)162-169.
27. Iregbu KC, Anwaal U. Extended spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae septicaemia outbreak in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2007;36(3):225–8.
28. Siddiqi a, Khan D a, Khan F a, Razzaq a. Therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin in preterm and term infants. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(5):486-489.
29. Doan TL, Fung HB, Mehta D, Riska PF. Tigecycline: A glycylcycline antimicrobial agent. Clin Ther. 2006;28(8):1079-1106. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.08.011
30. Boyd D a., Tyler S, Christianson S, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of a 92-kilobase plasmid harboring the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase involved in an outbreak in long-term-care facilities in Toronto, Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(10):3758-3764. doi:10.1128/AAC.48.10.3758-3764.2004
31. Livermore DM, Canton R, Gniadkowski M, et al. CTX-M: Changing the face of ESBLs in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(2):165-174. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl48
32. Al Hashem G, Al Sweih N, Jamal W, Rotimi VO. Sequence analysis of bla(CTX-M) genes carried by clinically significant Escherichia coli isolates in Kuwait hospitals. Med Princ Pr. 2011;20(3):213-219. doi:10.1159/000321242
33. Hawkey PM. Prevalence and clonality of extended-spectrum ??-lactamases in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(SUPPL. 1):159-165. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01855.x
34. Mshana SE, Hain T, Domann E, Lyamuya EF, Chakraborty T, Imirzalioglu C. Predominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST14 carrying CTX-M-15 causing neonatal sepsis in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:466. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-466
35. Iroha IR, Esimone CO, Neumann S, et al. First description of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-15- extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) in out-patients from south eastern Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2012;11:19. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-11-19
36. Aibinu I, Odugbemi T, Koenig W, Ghebremedhin B. Sequence Type ST131 and ST10 Complex (ST617) predominant among CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Nigeria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):E49-E51. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03730.x
37. Rawat D, Nair D. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram Negative Bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(3):263-274. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.68531

PDF VIEWER

Loading...

Taking too long?

Reload document

| Open in new tab

Download