By Gav, BL; Nanev, JD; Surma N; Kutshak, PI; Owoicho, FO (2024). Greener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technological Research, 13(1): 40-46.
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Greener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technological Research
ISSN: 2276-7835
Vol. 13(1), pp. 40-46, 2024
Copyright ©2024, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s)
https://gjournals.org/GJSETR
1 Dept. of Industrial chem., Faculty of Physical Sciences, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University P.M.B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria.
Type: Research
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The study was carried out on the production of glue from catfish bones obtained from wurukum market, in makurdi metropolis, benue state, Nigeria. The catfish was bought from wurukum market Makurdi, the catfish was process, the bones was reduced to smaller size with aid of a hammer and were analyzed for quality indicators for glue production from catfish bones using standard method. The results of quality indicator for moisture content had the maximum deviation of (1.115) while the pH had the minimum of (-0.090), density had the maximum deviation of (0.431), viscosity had the minimum indicator of (-20.90), and the ash content quality indicator deviation was (0.560). Between the value of the quality indicators for standard glue compared with values obtained from the produced glue. The produced glue was more acidic than the standard glue, more dense, lower viscosity (less result to flow), contain more water and had more ash than the standard glue. The result of the effects of different quantity of water content on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones, the mean (x) values of effect of different quantity of water content on moisture content of quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones had the mean (x) value of (20.08) while the pH had the mean (x) value of (5.92), density had the mean (x) value of (2.174), viscosity had the mean (x) value of (51.56), and the ash content for quality indicator had the mean (x) value of (3.14). In general, the catfish glue has good binding force valuable for users.
Published: 09/06/2024
Gav, BL
E-mail: benedictgav@ gmail.com
Keywords: Production of Adhesives, Glue, catfish bones, Quality indicators.
Glues are part of a larger family called adhesives, it is often overlooked in its significance, and it is an indispensable adhesive that plays a pivotal role in a multitude of applications across various industries. This versatile substance bonds materials together, reinforcing structures and enhancing the durability of assembled components. With advancements in adhesive technology, organic glues have evolved to meet the demands of diverse and intricate projects properties, like in the applications, and innovations in the field of glue, emphasizing its pivotal role in the development of cutting-edge products and processes (Zhang and Sun, 2012).
Throughout history, humans have relied on natural resources to meet their adhesive needs. Animal-bones glues, derived from sources such as bones, hides, and fish, have played a vital role in various cultural, artistic, and practical applications. Understanding the origins and characteristics of these natural adhesives provides valuable insights into traditional craftsmanship techniques and offers inspiration for contemporary adhesive development. Glue derived from catfish, a fascinating and lesser-known source of natural adhesive, represents an intriguing topic at the intersection of biology and technology. Catfish glue, also known as fish glue, is a remarkable substance extracted from the swim bladders of certain catfish species (Su et al., 2016). This unique adhesive has been utilized for centuries in various cultural practices and traditional crafts due to its exceptional properties and versatility.
There has been an increasing interest in fish by-products during the past years. Today it is seen as a potential resource instead of a waste and much research is being done in order to explore the possible uses of different by-products. Fish wastes resulting from industrial fish processing operations often consists of offal, flesh, skin, bone, entrails, shell etc., but fish glue tended to be too thin and less sticky (Lim et al., 2020). Fish glue is usually more expensive than animal glue, since fish glue is liquid and it is easy to use, if required, fish skin can be preserved by salting and drying before processing into glue, it is a highly viscous liquid at room temperature (Ahmadi et al., 2018). This glue purity is various depending of the manufacturing process. The Catfish glue is a natural product which is obtained by cooking fish skin, followed by evaporation, fish glue is impure gelatin (collagen) prepared from fish heads, bones and skins. Fish glue is known for value added product from catfish processing by-products as the adhesive agent (Park et al., 2016).
Today overexploitation of fish resources is a big problem, only about 50-60% of the catch is used for human consumption. Globally more than 91 million tons of fish and shellfish are caught each year, some of the by-products are utilized today, but huge amounts are wasted. Annual discard rate from the world fisheries were estimated to be approximately 20 million tons (25%) per year (FAO, 2015). Therefore, it is a great potential for the fishing industry to utilize more of what is landed. This includes “waste” or by-products or what should really be called rest raw materials. Fish glue is known as a value added product from fish processing by-products, and as the adhesive agent. Collagen itself is not soluble in water, but it can be broken down by heat in the presence of water and other chemicals to produce a water-soluble product, where the end product is glue (Gómez-Guillén et al., 2011). By-products are products that are not regarded as ordinary saleable products (fillet, round, eviscerated or beheaded fish), but which can be recycled after treatment. Waste products are products that cannot be used for feed or value-added products but which have to be composted, burned or destroyed. Fish by-products have often been regarded as fish offal or waste, but this is not how it should be. The term by-products indicate something that can be utilized. Fish glue was a common and important adhesive and binding medium used by artists and craftsmen for painting media, coatings and grounds, but also for the gilding of illuminated manuscripts (Petukhova, 2000). The purest form of fish glue, made from the membrane of the air bladder (swim bladder) of certain fish species, in particular sturgeon, is called isinglass and its purity varies depending on the manufacturing process.
Fish glue are used for furniture, box making, plumbing, shoes, books, buildings, and all automobiles uses glue in some part of their construction (Nalinanon et al., 2011). The two classes are distinguished by the fact that animal (fish) glue comes from organic compounds while adhesives are chemical-based. Adhering materials called epoxies, caulks, or sealants are also chemical compounds that have special additives to give them properties suitable for particular jobs or applications. There are three classes of substance that are called glues and that do not contain chemicals, compounds, or high-tech additives, these are;
Bone glue
Hide or skin glue
Fish glue.
Technically, other sticky substances are adhesives, gums, or cements, although users tend to use these terms interchangeably. Most adhesives are chemical based, while glue is generally made from organic compounds. These terms, however, are used loosely today and most adhesives are still referred to as “glue.” The aim of the study is to produce Glue (adhesive) from Catfish bones.
Study Area.
According to the Benue state ministry of land and survey. Makurdi town is located at Lat. 7° 471 and 10° 001 North and Long 6° 251 and 8° 81 East of the equator. It is bounded by Guma Local Government Area to the North, Gwer Local Government to the South, Gwer-West Local Government Area to the South-West and Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State to the North-West (Figure 1). It is situated in the Benue Valley on the bank of river Benue. The town is strategically located on the North-South transportation network by road and by rail respectively, between Nasarawa and Enugu States with the total land area of about 810 square kilometers (NPC, 2009). What is known as Makurdi today has been in existence since 1912. It started as a typical village composed of scattered Tiv compounds and Jukun fishermen settlement. With the advent of colonialism, Makurdi became a centre of river trade, a railway town and an administrative town. It became a provincial headquarters of Benue Province in 1927, when it was transferred from Abinsi. Following the Local Government reforms of 1970, Makurdi became the headquarters of Makurdi Division. In 1976, following the creation of Benue State out of the Benue Plateau, Makurdi doubles as the State headquarters (capital) as well as the headquarters of Makurdi Local Government Area. The rail road and the trunk ‘A’ road that connect the Eastern states to the North and the North-East making Makurdi a major cross road centre. Makurdi has a population of 226,198 a density of 323 persons per square kilometres as of 1991, the National Population Census data figures, has a population of 300, 377 with a density of over 400 persons per square kilometres as of the 2006 National population census data figures and the highest in the state (NPC, 2009; Nyagba, 1995).
The study area used in this work was strictly in Wurukum market makurdi. The market is made up of market looking like buildings and roof with aluminum sheet. The seller uses open rubbers with water to aid catfish to be swimming around freely.
Fig 3.1 Map of markurdi Town, showing the sample sites (wurukum market.)
Sample Collection
Adult Catfish will be purchase from Wurukum Market Markudi, Benue state, Nigeria. These samples will be properly packed in a polythelylene sack and taken to the laboratory.
Sample Treatment
The collected sample will be per-boiled, the skin and flesh will be separated and the bones sample will be processed as follows;
Size Reduction
The bones will be reduced to smaller size with aid of a hammer.
Washing and Treatment with Lime Water
The bones will be washed thoroughly with warm water to removed fat and dirt. Hydrated lime saturation will be produced (94g/mol of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 1000 cm3 of water), 200 g of the bone sample will be soaked in the hydrated lime solution for three days to eliminate odor and all traces of heir and flesh attached to the bones. The bones will be removed and watches with distilled water to rinse off the hydrated lime.
Preheating with dilute Acid
The sample will be treated with diluted hydrochloride acid (HCl) to control the pH, thus ensure optimum breakdown of collagen to glue
Shredding/Crushing
The sample will be dried for two days and crushed in a jaw crushes to particles size of about 0.015 mm (30 mesh).
Gelling/Cooling
The resulting bones glue will be allowed to stand for 40munites. On cooling a dirty like material will be formed.
Method of analysis
Moisture content: 5mL of the glue sample will be weighed in a crucible and heated in the oven at a temperature of 60oC until no form of moisture is visible. Heating will be continued till no water is visible in any part of the apparatus except in the trap and the volume of water in the trap remained constant for five minutes. The sample will cool to room temperature and weighed. The moisture content will be calculated using the formula:
Moisture content (%) = x 100%
Determination of ash content: 100mL of the glue sample will be weighed in a beaker. The beaker with its content will be heated to 500oC until the glue became very dry and the visible appearance of black spots on the glue sample. The dried glue will be cooled to room temperature and weighed. The ash content of the glue will be calculated using the expression:
% Ash content = x 100
Determination of density: The densities of the glue were determined by taking the weight of a known volume of the glue in a density bottle (pycnometer) using an analytical balance.
Determination of viscosity: The Viscosity profile of the glue will be obtained using a viscometer (LvDv I +, Brookfield, USA) with the spindle set at 60rpm following the technique proposed by AOAC, (2000).
Determination of pH: This will be determined using a digital pH meter (model HI 8424 with pH buffer 7). The pH meter will be inserted into a beaker containing the catfish glue sample and the reading will be taken.
Statistical Analysis
Assessments data on mean level of glue will be analyze using descriptive statistics and the proximate composition, like specific gravity, pH value, Moisture contents, ash content will be analyzed using AOAC (2000) method obtained from the catfish glue.
Table 1: Laboratory result of quality indicators from produced glue from catfish bones
(∑YYi/n)
(Y-X)
3.120
Table 2: Effect of water on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones
Quality indicators of produced glue from catfish bones.
The result of this study revealed the laboratory test of some quality indicator performed on the produced glue as shown in table 4.1, the value of these quality indicator for standard animal glue as stated by (Mittal and Pizzi, 2009) are also shown in table 4.1 for comparison with deviation from the quality indicators parameter.
Table 1 shows that the quality indicator for moisture content had the maximum deviation of (1.115) while the pH had the minimum of (-0.090), density had the maximum deviation of (0.431), viscosity had the minimum indicator of (-20.90), and the ash content quality indicator deviation was (0.560). Between the value of the quality indicators for standard glue compare with values obtained from the produced glue. The produced glue was more acidic than the standard glue, more dense, lower viscosity (less result to flow), contain more water and had more ash than the standard glue.
Effect of water on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones
Table 2 shows the result on effects of different quantity of water content on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones, the mean (X) values on effect of different quantity of water content on moisture content of quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones had the mean (X) value of (20.08) while the pH had the mean (X) value of (5.92), density had the mean (X) value of (2.174), viscosity had the mean (X) value of (51.56), and the ash content for quality indicator had the mean (X) value of (3.14).
Between the values on effects of different quantity of water content on quality indicator of produced glue from catfish bones, the produced glue have viscosity as the highest mean (X) with the value of (51.56) followed by the moisture content with a mean (X) value of (20.08) while water effect on the ash content indicator has the lowest mean (X) value of (3.14) follow by density with the mean (X) value of (2.174) because of the constituent of each quantity of water content on the quality indicators.
The result of this study has shown that Catfish glue produced in this research has the quality indicator for moisture content to be the maximum deviation of (1.115) while the pH had the minimum of (-0.090), density had the maximum deviation of (0.431), viscosity had the minimum indicator of (-20.90), and the ash content quality indicator deviation was (0.560).
In conclusion, the production of glue from catfish bones represents a promising avenue for sustainable innovation within the adhesive industry. The utilization of catfish bones, an otherwise overlooked by-product of the fishing industry, not only addresses waste management concerns but also taps into the potential of a natural resource rich in collagen – a crucial element in adhesive formulations and aligning with the principles of circular economy, transforming what was once considered waste into a valuable raw material. As industries worldwide seek environmentally friendly alternatives, glue derived from catfish bones stands out as a biodegradable and eco-conscious option.
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Gav, BL; Nanev, JD; Surma N; Kutshak, PI; Owoicho, FO (2024). Production of Glue (Adhesives) and Quality Evaluation from Catfish Bones. Greener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technological Research, 13(1): 40-45.
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