By Thiemele, DEF; Silue, S; Noba, AGT (2024). Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2): 113-122.
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Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences
ISSN: 2276-7770
Vol. 14(1), pp. 113-122, 2024
Copyright ©2024, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
https://gjournals.org/GJAS
1Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Genetics Research Unit, Peleforo GON COULIBALY University of Korhogo, Po Box 1328 Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.
Type: Research
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food source in Côte d’Ivoire and it contributes to food security. Nonetheless, its production is facing many constraints including the abandonment of landraces. With a view to preserving genetic diversity for crop improvement, 47 cassava accessions were collected in the Southern region of Côte d’Ivoire and evaluated agromorphologically on the basis of eight quantitative traits. Based on ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), high variability was shown within the accessions for the traits evaluated. The principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the 47 accessions confirmed this variability of 75.04% revealed by the first three axis. The ascending hierarchical clustering (AHC) placed the accessions into 3 groups based on the height of the plant, the length of the petiole and the number of tuberous roots per plant. Group 1 includes accessions with large plants (HPL = 305.57cm), average number of roots per plant (NTP = 6.31) and long petiole (LPE = 24.84cm). Group 2 is composed of small-sized accessions (HPL = 260 cm) with a low number of roots per plant (NTP = 4.17) and short petioles (17.07 cm). Group 3 contains accessions of intermediate size (HPL = 294 cm) with a high number of roots per plant (NTP= 7.68) and petioles of medium length (LPE = 18.45 cm). The Agromorphological variability observed in the study offers a great possibility of choosing elite accessions for the breeding of improved varieties of cassava with high potential yield and adapted to different agroclimatic zones of Côte d’Ivoire. Also, this study showed that some accessions with the same names are phenotypically different. The conservation of these accessions in collections will make it possible to fight against the erosion of these genetic resources.
Accepted: 03/05/2024
Published: 30/06/2024
THIEMELE Deless Edmond Fulgence
E-mail: delessthiemele@ gmail.com
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from the Euphorbiaceae family is an important tuber crop cultivated in many countries around the world and more particularly in West Africa (N’Zué et al., 2014; Agré et al., 2015). It draws its importance firstly from its tuberous roots which are rich in starches and its leaves which are rich in protein. It remains an undeniable asset for a region that is less and less self-sufficient in terms of food (Gnonloufin et al., 2011). It also draws its importance from its great ease of cultivation and its various energy products. Ethanol obtained by starch fermentation could completely replace gasoline (N’Zué et al., 2014; Agré et al., 2015; Adjebang-Danguah et al., 2016).
In Côte d’Ivoire, cassava represents the second food crop after yam with an annual production of around 6.3 million tonnes (Faostat, 2022). This crop is well integrated into all cropping systems. The Ivorian people have made it a staple food and there is a great varietal diversity favoring different types of local dishes (attiéké, bêdêkouman, placali, etc.). In production areas, cassava accessions are designated by vernacular names linked to the phenotype or the name of the place of origin or of a person who introduced it into a locality. This method of designation often gives rise to confusion, since the same accession can have different names depending on the production area. Also, cultural practices linked to the use of cuttings infected by viruses from year to year promote the progressive loss of varietal diversity of cassava (Amoakon et al., 2023).
As well, the abandonment of certain traditional or local accessions by farmers due to factors such as their low yield, their long production cycle and their susceptibility to diseases (viruses, anthracnose, root rot) and pests (mites, mealybugs, nematodes), contribute largely to the loss of cassava genetic resources. In addition, the loss of soil fertility, the action of bush fires, the difficulty of supplying healthy planting material among others cause the decline in national yield. This constitutes a major threat to food security, particularly for small farmers practicing subsistence agriculture (Segnou, 2002). These farmers, contribute to the spread of viral-infected material through the exchange of infected cuttings, leading to a constant reduction in yields (Singa et al., 2008). The result is a gradual abandonment of local accessions in favor of improved ones, leading to the erosion of local cassava genetic resources. However, the preservation of these local accessions constitutes an important issue for sustainable agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the current context of climate change, one of the strategies likely to combat this erosion involves the collection, analysis and organization of the existing diversity in production areas. This allows not only knowledge of the existing cultivars, but also to guide the methods of conservation and management of these genetic resources in varietal improvement programs.
The study of the diversity of accessions from the South of Côte d’Ivoire will allow us to better understand the genetic diversity of these local accessions and the agronomic potential in order to better exploit them in a varietal improvement program to increase national production. Many studies of characterization have been carried out on the genetic resources of cassava from Côte d’Ivoire (N’Zué 2007; N’Zué 2014; Djaha et al., 2017; Doubi et al., 2021; Kouakou et al., 2022; Kouakou et al., 2023), however, cassava accessions newly collected in farmers’ fields in the regions of South of Côte d’Ivoire had not yet been characterized in terms of morphological and agronomic traits.
Thus, the general objective of the present study was to study the agromorphological diversity of cassava accessions cultivated in the South of Côte d’Ivoire for their efficient exploitation. Specifically, the aim was to (i) characterize the accessions on an agromorphological level and (ii) establish the structure of the agromorphological variability for rational conservation and management purposes.
Site of study
The study was conducted in Toumodi region of Côte d’Ivoire on the experimental site of Swiss Center for Scientific Research (SCSR, Côte d’Ivoire). The experimental site is located at 6°25’0’’ N et 5°4’60’’ W and the area of the study is a transition zone, located between forest and savanna. The climate is equatorial, with a big rainy season starting from March to July and a short one starting from August to October. The average annual rainfall is 1200 mm of rain spread over 5 to 6 months. The soil is ferralitic and rich in humus.
Plant Material
The plant material consists of 47 local accessions of cassava collected in the south of Côte d’Ivoire from farmers in the areas of Abidjan, Bonoua, Grang-Lahou, Aboisso and Dabou. These accessions were referenced by their vernacular names given by the farmers. The number of accessions collected in the regions are summarised in the table 1.
Table 1: List of local accessions used for the study.
Abidjan
INCONNUE
SAMAKE
Experimental design
The field experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications (or blocks). Each block was divided into 47 elementary plots and each elementary plot corresponds to an accession and has 5 rows of 6 plants, for a total of 30 plants per elementary plot. The planting density was 10,000 plants/ha, with a spacing of 1 m (rows) x 1 m (plants) and 1.5 m between plots and 2 m between blocks. Stem cuttings (20-30 cm or 4-6 comprising nodes) were horizontally planted on ploughed soil at a depth of less than 10 cm. A supply of NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) was applied at a dose of 200 Kg/ha two months after planting. Five weedings were carried out as needed during the vegetative phase.
Data collection
Eight (8) quantitative traits were selected in standard descriptors for cassava (Fukuda et al., 2010) to characterize agromorphological diversity (Table 2). The quantitative traits were measured on ten plants. In order to avoid border effects, these plants were chosen in the central part of each elementary plot.
Table 2: List of agro-morphological descriptors used for the characterisation of 47 cassava accessions
Height of the first branching
HRAM1
cm
It corresponds to the height from ground to first primary branch.
It is the distance between the point of insertion of the lobes and the upper tip of the central lobe.
electronic scale. Measured at harvest
Data analysis
The collected data were processed using XLSTAT-Pro software version 2019. The quantitative variables were first subjected to descriptive statistical analyses, including correlations, followed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify significant characteristics, with a significance level of 5%. When the ANOVA was significant (p < 0.05), a Student Newman Keul (SNK) test was performed to differentiate the means. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then used to identify the relationships between the different characteristics studied. The groups obtained from the ascending hierarchical classification (AHC) were then characterised using a new analysis of variance. Finally, the structure of the agromorphological variation was visualised using Hierarchical Correspondence Analysis (HCA) with Ward’s method, enabling the results to be represented in the form of a dendrogram.
Agromorphological variability of cassava accessions
Descriptive analysis of the measured traits revealed significant differences between accessions. Most of the variables had a high coefficient of variation (CV), ranging from 23.35% to 105.64%, thus showing the variability of these traits within the cassava collection (Table 3).
The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference (p ˂ 0.001) between accessions on the basis of the 8 characters assessed (Table 3). Descriptive analysis coupled with ANOVA showed that the length of central lobe (LLOC) varied from 9.10 cm to 24.10 cm. The BENEDIA (Bonoua) accession had the smallest length of the central lobe (9.10 cm) while the YACE FOUTOU (Azaguié) accession had the largest value (24.10 cm). The petiole length (LPE) varied from 10.30 cm to 47.10 cm with WANGO (Abidjan) accession having the smallest value (10.30 cm) and the accession YACE FOUTOU (Abidjan) having the largest (47.10 cm). The colet diameter of the stem (DC) varied from 1.36 to 3.34 cm between TIMITI accession (Grand-Lahou) with 1.36 cm and YACE FOUTOU accession (Abidjan) with 3.34 cm. The number of branching (NNRAM) varied from 0.30 to 4.1. The accession AKAMA (Grand-lahou) had the smallest value (0.30) and the BAHIRE accession (Aboisso) had the greatest value (4.1). The plant height also varied from 122 to 446 cm between MAMANWA (Abidjan) with 122 cm and YACE FOUTOU (Abidjan) with 446 cm. The height of the first branch (HRAM1) varied from 0.30 to 225.40 cm between AKAMA accession (Abidjan) with 0.30 cm and BOCOU 1 accession (Dabou) with 225.40 cm. The weight of the roots per plant (PTP) ranged from 0.24 to 11.40 kg. TAMBOU accession from Aboisso had the smallest value (0.24 kg) and SOROGO (Abidjan) accession had the greatest one (11.40 kg). The number of the roots per plant (NTP) ranged from 1 to 13 between TAMBOU (Aboisso) accession with 1 and ANCIENNE VARIETE CNRA (Abidjan) and TOGO (Abidjan) with 13 roots per plant.
Table 3: Descriptive statistics and results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of 47 cassava cultivars for the quantitative traits
Deviation
LLOC: Length of the central lobe; LPE: Petiole length; DC: Diameter at the colet of the principal stem; NNRAM: Number of branchings; HPL: Plant height; HRAM1: Height of the first branching; PTP: Fresh weight of accumulated roots per plant; NTP: Number of storage roots/plant. ** : Significant at 1 % level of probability.
Correlations between measured quantitative characteristics
The correlation coefficients obtained between the characters varied from -0.443 to 0.629 at the 5% threshold. Table 4 highlights many significant correlations between traits. Thus, the petiole length (LPE) is positively correlated with the length of the central lobe (r = 0.629). The length central lobe was itself negatively correlated with the height of the first branching (r = -0.443). The height of the first branching is also positively correlated with the number of branching (r = 0.425). Plant height is positively correlated with the diameter at the colet of the principal stem (r = 0.405). Finally, the number of storage roots per plant is positively correlated with the weight of accumulated roots per plant (r = 0.48).
Table 4: Correlation coefficients between the 8 variables measured
Values in bold are correlations significant at the 5% threshold.
LLOC: Length of the central lobe ; LPE : Petiole length; DC : Diameter at the colet of the principal stem; NNRAM : Number of branchings; HPL : Plant height; HRAM1 : Height of the first branching; PTP : Fresh weight of accumulated roots per plant ; NTP : Number of storage roots/plant. ** : Significant at 1 % level of probability
Structuring the diversity of accessions
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
The first Principal Component (PC) axis with an eigen value of 2.93 accounted for 36.65% of the variation. The traits that contributed most of the variation were length of the central lobe (LLOC), length of the petiole (LPE), Diameter of the colet (DC) and plant height (HPL). The second PC also contributed 25.50% of the total variation and contained the number of branchings (NNRAM), the height of the first branching (HRAM1), the weight of accumulated roots per plant (PTP) and the number of storage roots per plant NTP). The third PC with 12.89% contribution was associated with the number of branchings (NNRAM) (Table 5).
Table 5: Eigenvalues, correlations between traits and the first three-component axis
Petiole length (LPE)
Diameter at the colet of the principal stem (DC)
Number of branchings (NNRAM)
Plant height (HPL)
Height of the first branching (HRAM 1)
Fresh weight of accumulated roots per plant (PTP)
Number of storage roots per plant (NTP)
0,850**
0,639**
-0,466
0,682**
-0,473
0,286
0,359
-0,061
0,376
0,572*
0,317
0,701**
0,720**
0,615**
0,182
0,485
0,544*
-0,054
0,195
-0,284
-0,539
Values in bold are correlations significant at the 1 and 5% threshold: ** : Significant at 1 % level of probability and, *: Significant at 5 % level of probability.
Ascending Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
Ascending hierarchical clustering led to the dendrogram presenting three clusters or groups of accessions (Figure 1). The group 1 contained 15 accessions and included the tallest accessions (HPL = 305.57cm), with an average number of roots per plant (NTP = 6.31) and long petiole (LPE = 24.84cm). The group 2 gathered 23 accessions of small size (HPL = 260 cm) with a low number of roots per plant (NTP = 4.17) and short petioles (17.07 cm). The group 3 grouped 9 accessions of intermediate size (HPL = 294 cm) with a high number of roots per plant (NTP= 7.68) and petioles of medium length (LPE = 18.45 cm) (Table 6). The ANOVA carried out between these three groups is summarized in Table 7. The analysis of this table clearly revealed highly significant (P < 0.001) differences among these groups and confirms the classification of the 47 accessions into distinct groups.
The results also showed that several accessions having the same vernacular names and supposedly identical are phenotypically different because they belong to different genetic groups. Thus, the AKAMA accession collected in Abidjan (Group 1) is different from that collected in Grand Lahou (Group 3). The same observation is made with YACE accessions. Indeed, YACE accession from Bonoua (Group 1) was different to YACE from Grand Lahou (Group 3). Also, 6 MOIS from Bonoua (Group 2) was different to 6 MOIS from Dabou (Group 3).
Table 6: Distribution of different cassava accessions in each group
BAHIRE (Aboisso)
Table 7: Characteristics of the groups resulting from the Ascending Hierarchical Classification
P
˂ 0.001
LLOC: Length of the central lobe; LPE: Petiole length; DC: Diameter at the colet of the principal stem; NNRAM: Number of branchings; HPL: Plant height; HRAM1: Height of the first branching; PTP: Fresh weight of accumulated roots per plant; NTP: Number of storage roots/plant.
Figure 1: Cluster dendrogram depicting the genetic relationship between 30 cassava accessions based on the Ward’s meth
Plant breeding based on classical methods uses morphological traits of plants growing in the field as basis for identification (Fukuda et al., 2010; Robooni et al., 2014). It has been effectively used as a powerful tool in the classification of cultivars and the study of their taxonomic status (Elisabeth, 2011). Also, collection characterization based on agromorphological traits is the preliminary phase for molecular studies to be much more precise. Agromorphological characterization are still used successfully in numerous characterization and agronomic evaluation studies, thus allowing easier and faster differentiation of phenotypes especially in cassava (N’Zué et al., 2014, Setiawan and Sebayang, 2022; Diaguna et al., 2022; Kouakou et al., 2023). This study permitted to evaluate the level of cassava variability newly collected in farmers’ fields in the regions of South of Côte d’Ivoire by using morphological and agronomic traits.
The analysis carried out showed a significant variation within the studied accessions, thus allowing a preliminary assessment of the structuring of the diversity of cassava collected in the South of Côte d’Ivoire.
Multivariate analysis are statistical methods used in diversity analyses. In this study, multivariate analysis was used to elucidate the nature and degree of divergence of the cassava accessions. The PCA, applied to the 47 accessions on the basis of characters, results in the existence of a total variability of 75.04% within the cassava collection. This variability is greater than that observed by Ephrem et al. (2014) in Central African Republic and Kouakou et al. (2023) in Côte d’Ivoire based on agromorphological characterization. Indeed, these authors respectively obtained a variability of 55% for the first six cumulative axes and 57.45% for the first four cumulative axes having eigenvalues greater than 1. This high variability within the cassava accessions in the area of Southern Côte d’Ivoire could be explained by regular introductions of cassava varieties from neighboring countries of Côte d’Ivoire such as Ghana, Togo and Nigeria, by cultivation practice based on use of several assessions in the same field and the continuous exchanges of plant material between farmers from different localities (Missihoun et al., 2012; Ferguson et al., 2019; Kouame et al., 2023).
Ascending Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) performed in this study revealed three groups or three morphological clusters. Similar results on cassava were obtained by N’Zué et al. (2014), Djaha et al. (2017), and Kouakou et al. (2022, 2023) who obtained three clusters by assessing respectively the morphological diversity of 159, 44 and 200 cassava accessions from Côte d’Ivoire. These results therefore indicated that cultivated cassava in Côte d’Ivoire could be grouped into three distinct genetic clusters. Three distinct genetic clusters were obtained again by Yusuf et al. (2016) by assessing the morphological diversity of 22 cassava accessions from several regions in Riau province, Indonesia. Swathy et al. (2023) obtained similar results in India.
Within these three groups, we found accessions collected in different areas under the same names but phenotypically different. Indeed, within villages, exchanges of plant material are frequent between producers and most often different accessions have the same vernacular name or that several names could be given to a single cultivar on the farm as reported by Elias et al. (2001). This situation is the basis of several duplicates among the cassava accessions as detected by N’Zué et al. (2014) in collection from three zones in Côte d’Ivoire.
The variables that discriminated the three clusters were the height of the plant, the number of roots per plant and the length of the petiole. Our results are similar to those of Agre et al. (2015) who through the same quantitative parameters revealed a large variability within 116 cassava genotypes from Benin. Djaha et al. (2017) also showed that in their study on 44 cassava accessions, a total variability based on the height of the first branch, plant height, number of lobes and petiole length. These results show the relevance of the choice of the different parameters in our study.
The study of the diversity of 47 cassava accessions based on 8 descriptors showed significant variability. This diversity was structured into 3 groups characterized by the height of the plant, the length of the petiole and the number of roots per plant. Thus, the collection of accessions from the South of Côte d’Ivoire has different groups of cassava. A group of plants with height (305.57 cm), with an average number of roots per plant (6.31) and a long petiole (24.84 cm). A groups of cassava accessions with a low number of roots per plant (4.17) and small size (260 cm) with small petiole (17.07 cm) and a group of intermediate sized (294 cm) with a high number of roots per plant (7.68) with medium-sized petioles (18.45 cm). This description highlights the heterogeneity that exists within the cultivars held by farmers. The significant diversity highlighted offers great potential for the varietal improvement of cassava. This diversity could be used for food as well as for the development of varieties with multiple uses. The results of this study also showed that some accessions with the same vernacular names are genetically different. The study of the genetic diversity of cassava accessions from South of Côte d’Ivoire, through molecular markers, would deepen our knowledge of this genetic pool. However, it would be important to extend the prospecting area throughout the country in order to discover other accessions of cassava with characters of interest which could be valued in a varietal selection program. Also, complementary studies like molecular characterization are necessary.
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